Ethical Principles for Research Free Essays

Ethical Principles for Research There is four well-known moral principles constitute the basis for ethics in research. They are first, the principle of non-maleficence. It means that the research must not cause harm to the participants in particular and to people in general. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Principles for Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now Second is the principle of beneficence. That show the Research should also make a positive contribution towards the welfare of people. It should be provide benefit for whatever treatment is. Third is the principle of autonomy. The research must respect and protect the rights and dignity of participants. For my perspective if my doctor ask me to take an antibiotic to treat the infection, is my right to consent the treatment or withdraw my consent. Next is the principle of justice. The benefits and risks of research should be fairly distributed among people. The ten general ethical principles, presently relevant for social science research in health are as follows. First is essentiality. This is for undertaking research it is necessary to make all possible efforts to get and give adequate consideration to existing literature/knowledge and its relevance, and the alternatives available on the subject/ issue under the study. Second is, Maximisation of public interest and of social justice. That means that the research is a social activity, carried out for the benefit of society. It should be undertaken with the motive of maximisation of public interest and social justice. Third is knowledge, ability and commitment to do research. It shows that sincere commitment to research in general and to the relevant subject in particular, and readiness to acquire adequate knowledge, ability and skill for undertaking particular research are essential prerequisites for good and ethical research. Next is the respect and protection of autonomy, rights and dignity of participants. This research involving participation of individual must not only respect, but also protect the autonomy, the rights and the dignity of participants. The participation of individual must be voluntary and based on informed consent. Next is the privacy, anonymity and confidentiality. It shows that all information and records provided by participants or obtained directly or indirectly on/about the participants are confidential. For revealing or sharing any information that may identify participants, permission of the participants is essential. Then, the precaution and risk minimisation. For this research all research carries some risk to the participants and to society. Taking adequate precautions and minimising and mitigating risks is, therefore, essential. Then,non-exploitation. The research must not unnecessarily consume the time of participants or make them incur undue loss of resources and income. It should not expose them to risks due to participation in the research. The relationship within the research team, including student and junior members, should be based on the principle of non- exploitation. Contribution of each member of the research team should be properly acknowledged and recognised. Next is public domain. It needed all persons and organisations connected to research should make adequate efforts to make public in appropriate manner and form, and at appropriate time, information on the research undertaken, and the relevant results and implications of completed research. Then, accountability and transparency. The conduct of research must be fair, honest and transparent. It is desirable institutions and researchers are amenable to social and financial review of their research by an appropriate and responsible social body. They should also make appropriate arrangements for the preservation of research records for a reasonable period of time. Last but not least, totality of responsibility. The responsibility for due observance of all principles of ethics and guidelines devolves on all those directly or indirectly connected with the research. They include institution where the research is conducted, researcher, sponsors/funders and those who publish material generated from research. How to cite Ethical Principles for Research, Essays

Annie Leibovitz People Are Art Essay Example For Students

Annie Leibovitz: People Are Art Essay Born in Westport, Connecticut in 1949, Annie Leibovitz was one of five children born to father, Sam Leibovitz and mother, Marilyn Leibovitz. Her father was a lieutenant in the Air Force, and due to his job the family moved constantly while she was young. She began her career as a journalist for Rolling Stone Magazine in 1970. In 1971 she graduated from the San Francisco Art Institute with a Bachelors degree in Fine Arts, and two years later, she was elected chief photographer of the magazine; her work has greatly helped to shape its reputation. Later, she left Rolling Stone and began working for other companies such as Vanity Fair and Vogue , while at the same time publishing numerous books; compilations of her photographs. Her unique vision and the content of her photographs have the ability to make bold statements and striking impressions; one of the reasons her work is so popular. Throughout her career, Annie Leibovitz worked closely with her friend, Susan Sontag, a well-known writer, who died of cancer in 2004. The two were very close, and rumors exist that their relationship was romantic in nature, however the two never admitted anything related to the subject; nonetheless, Sontag greatly influenced Annie Leibovitz work. She has three children, and has two homes, one in New York City and one on Rhode Island. She began as a student at the San Francisco Art Institute with the intention of becoming a painter and working as an art teacher. However, after taking a photography class she was enthralled with the process and decided to change her perspective. Her early work is mainly in black and white, but as time progressed she found that she also enjoyed working in color although the process was foreign to her, since she had initially learned photography in black and white. She continued to produce work in both mediums, creating signature scenes with the use of each. Due to her career as a magazine photographer, Leibovitz has taken advantage of the opportunity to photograph celebrities; including political figures, musicians, athletes and actors, and has thus helped create the surreal, idealistic image that we expect from such people. For example, one of her most famous images is of John Lennon lying next to his wife, Yoko Ono, taken hours before he was killed. In 1975, she was the official concert-tour photographer for the Rolling Stones. She has also taken photographs of Johnny Cash and his family, Norah Jones, Iggy Pop, The White Stripes, and others. Her occasionally outrageous, but always appropriate placements of subjects and props contribute to the sense of personality and artistic embodiment of the individuals in her portraits. Annie Leibovitz doesnt limit her work to the rich and famous, however; she often shoots photos of average people, making them extraordinary in their unpublicized splendor and elegant simplicity. In her book Women, published in 1999; a collection of varied photographs of American females, she captures many of her subjects with shocking clarity, revealing their lifestyles to the world. Diverse in culture, ethnicity and values, these women seem to tell their story through the expressions on their faces; the poses in which Leibovitz places them elicit personal connection to ones own experiences, accurately portraying life as each of us knows it, not through the eyes of someone unfamiliar, but through the visions of the ones standing right beside us. Leibovitz has won several awards for her photographs, and in 1991 she became the first woman ever to have her work exhibited at the Smithsonian Institute in the National Portrait Gallery; only the second living photographer to do so. .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065 , .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065 .postImageUrl , .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065 , .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065:hover , .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065:visited , .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065:active { border:0!important; } .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065:active , .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065 .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8ad596ad9808c92a84b59aea8d3a2065:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Patriot EssayDuring the 1990s she founded the Annie Leibovitz Studio in New York City, New York. On a recent interview with Tim Russert on CNBC, she spoke about her new book, A Photographers Life: 1990-2005, a compilation of various pictures taken throughout her career of photography. After an inquiry about two photos taken of the burning Twin Towers in New York on 9/11, she explained that she views photography as a way to preserve history the way it is now for reference in the future. Annie Leibovitz has also had the chance to practice her advertising skills, doing photo shoots for Honda, American Express, The Gap, and other companies. As a result of her success in that field, she received the Clio Award, like an Academy Award for the advertising world, in 1987. She was made a member of the Art Directors Hall of Fame in 1999. Though working mostly in portraiture, Leibovitz used her camera effectively to shoot photos of the reality of war at Sarajevo and Rwanda. She has done a group of portraits featuring sufferers of AIDS, and has captured victims of domestic violence as well.

Isaiah Davis Essays - Alls Well That Ends Well, William Shakespeare

Isaiah Davis One of the themes that emerge from Shakespeare's comedy All's Well That Ends Well is the conflict between old and new, age and youth, wisdom and folly, reason and passion. As one critic points out, a simple glance at the characters of the play reveals an almost equally balanced cast of old and young. "In performance it is apparent that the youth of the leading characters, Helena, Bertram, Diana and Paroles, is in each case precisely balanced by the greater age of their counterparts, the Countess, the King of France, the Widow of Florence and the old counselor Lafeu."1 Indeed, the dialectic between youth and age is established in the first act as the Countess sees a mirror of her former self in Helena's love sick countenance in scene three when she exclaims "Even so it was with me when I was young," and Bertram's worthiness to the ailing King of France in the previous scene appears to hang upon his youthful resemblance to his deceased father. As the King explains, "Such a man might be a copy to these younger times,/Which followed well would demonstrate them now/But goers-backward. Like so many literary youths of his day, Shakespeare went backward for his source material for All's Well and based the play on Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron. Boccaccio's early sixteenth-century story revolves around Gillette of Narbona, the daughter of a wealthy and respected physician. Giletta, like Helena (the daughter of the deceased--and indigent--Gerard de Narbonne), falls in love with young count Beltrami, follows him to Paris where she remedies the King's incurable disease, and, because of her newly-acquired royal favor, is granted the right to demand a husband: Beltrami. Despite the King's elitist reluctance to grant Gillette her wish (which contrasts the Shakespearean monarch's unmitigated blessing), he keeps his promise and orders the count to marry the physician's daughter. The rest of Boccaccio's story proceeds in like fashion to Shakespeare's with the exception of Gillettes arrival at Rossiglione (vs. Rossillion) with twin sons as opposed to a single fetus. As W. W. Lawrence points out, conventional folk motifs such as "The Fulfillment of the Tasks" and "The Healing of the King" undergird Boccacio's--and thus Shakespeare's--tale.2 In addition to theses narrative devices, the play also contains another folk motif, that of the "bed-trick"--a frequently used convention in Renaissance drama that allows one lover to be substituted for another unbeknownst to the first party of a particular amorous tryst. Shakespeare relies on tradition to provide character types for him as well as thematic elements. The puffed-up Platean soldier or miles gloriosus figure makes his appearance in All's Well in the guise of Parolles, who "descends from a venerable line of braggart warriors, talkers and not doers, who originate with Aristophanes and then swagger their way through Menander, Plautus, and Terrence into Elizabethan comedy. Thus, Shakespeare collects old conventions, devices and stock characters to create a new fairy-tale, one that bears the distinctive mark of tradition but reveals new insights. For Shakespeare's archetypal story is one that gives genesis to some difficult questions. As many critics testify, All's Well differs from many of Shakespeare's other comedies in its dark overtones. He illustrates certain problems at court but provides no Greenworld; he introduces a love story without two active lovers; he creates a seemingly equivocal heroine and a callow, prevaricating hero. "In this world," Anne Barton explains, "unicorns do not exist to testify to the mystic power of virginity, and Prince Charming is likely to prefer the fashionably dressed elder sisters to beauty in rags. Love itself is not simply the servant of a fantastic plot, but a matter of complex adjustments within the personality. Indeed, Shakespeare's old skins produce potent and problematic new wine for, as many critics note, the psychologically complex characters in this play prove far too sophisticated for the formal stylistic vehicle that contains them. This fairy-tale ends happily, but only if we suspend our disbelief to allow for Bertram's all too brief conversion and forgive him of certain newly rendered sins that further cast him as a rather unworthy prize. This fairy-tale ends happily if we can resolve the problems presented by Helena's character: Is she a "saintly maiden" or a "cunning vixen. It

Sedentism, Community-Building, Began 12,000 Years Ago

Sedentism, Community-Building, Began 12,000 Years Ago Sedentism refers to the decision made first by humans at least 12,000 years ago to start living in groups for long periods of time. Settling down, picking a place and living in it permanently for at least part of the year, is partially but not entirely related to how a group gets required resources. This includes gathering and growing food, stone for tools, and wood for housing and fires. Hunter-Gatherers and Farmers In the 19th century, anthropologists defined two different lifeways for people beginning in the Upper Paleolithic period. The earliest lifeway, called hunting and gathering, describes people who were highly mobile, following herds of animals like bison and reindeer, or moving with normal seasonal climatic changes to collect plant foods as they ripened. By the Neolithic period, so the theory went, people domesticated plants and animals, necessitating permanent settlement to maintain their fields. However, extensive research since then suggests that sedentism and mobility - and hunter-gatherers and farmers - were not separate lifeways but rather two ends of a continuum that the groups modified as circumstances required. Since the 1970s, anthropologists use the term complex hunter-gatherers to refer to hunter-gatherers who have some elements of complexity, including permanent or semi-permanent residences. But even that doesnt encompass the variability that is now apparent: in the past, people changed how mobile their lifestyles were depending on circumstances, sometimes due to climatic changes, but for a range of reasons, from year to year and decade to decade. What Makes a Settlement Permanent? Identifying communities as permanent ones is somewhat difficult. Houses are older than sedentism. Residences such as brushwood huts at Ohalo II in Israel and mammoth bone dwellings in Eurasia occurred as early as 20,000 years ago. Houses made of animal skin, called tipis or yurts, were the homestyle of choice for mobile hunter-gatherers throughout the world for an unknown period of time before that. The earliest permanent structures, made from stone and fired brick, were apparently public structures rather than residences, ritual places shared by a mobile community. Examples include the monumental structures of Gobekli Tepe, the tower at Jericho, and the communal buildings at other early sites such as Jerf el Ahmar and Mureybet, all in the Levant region of Eurasia. Some of the traditional features of sedentism are residential areas where houses were built close to one another, large-scale food storage and cemeteries, permanent architecture, increased population levels, non-transportable toolkits (such as massive grinding stones), agricultural structures such as terraces and dams, animal pens, pottery, metals, calendars, record-keeping, slavery, and feasting. But all of these features are related to the development of prestige economies, rather than sedentism, and most developed in some form prior to permanent year-round sedentism. Natufians and Sedentism The earliest potentially sedentary society on our planet was the Mesolithic Natufian, located in the Near East between 13,000 and 10,500 years ago (BP). However, much debate exists about their degree of sedentism. Natufians were more or less egalitarian hunter-gatherers whose social governance shifted as they shifted their economic structure. By about 10,500 BP, the Natufians developed into what archaeologists call Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic as they increased in population and reliance on domesticated plants and animals and began living in at least partially year-round villages. These processes were slow, over periods of thousands of years and intermittent fits and starts. Sedentism arose, quite independently, in other areas of our planet at different times. But like the Natufians, societies in places such as Neolithic China, South Americas Caral-Supe, the North American Pueblo societies, and the precursors to the Maya at Ceibal all changed slowly and at different rates over a long period of time. Sources Asouti, Eleni. A Contextual Approach to the Emergence of Agriculture in Southwest Asia: Reconstructing Early Neolithic Plant-Food Production. Current Anthropology, Dorian Q. Fuller, Vol. 54, No. 3, The University of Chicago Press Journals, June 2013. Finlayson, Bill. Architecture, sedentism, and social complexity at Pre-Pottery Neolithic A WF16, Southern Jordan. Steven J. Mithen, Mohammad Najjar, Sam Smith, Darko MariÄ ević, Nick Pankhurst, Lisa Yeomans, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, May 17, 2011.   Inomata, Takeshi. Development of sedentary communities in the Maya lowlands: Coexisting mobile groups and public ceremonies at Ceibal, Guatemala. Jessica MacLellan, Daniela Triadan, Jessica Munson, Melissa Burham, Kazuo Aoyama, Hiroo Nasu, Flory Pinzà ³n, Hitoshi Yonenobu, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, April 7, 2015. Railey, Jim A. Reduced Mobility or the Bow and Arrow? Another Look at Expedient Technologies and Sedentism. Volume 75, Issue 2, American Antiquity, January 20, 2017. Reed, Paul F. Sedentism, Social Change, Warfare, and the Bow in the Ancient Pueblo Southwest. Phil R. Geib, Wiley Online Library, June 17, 2013. Rosen, Arlene M. Climate change, adaptive cycles, and the persistence of foraging economies during the late Pleistocene/Holocene transition in the Levant. Isabel Rivera-Collazo, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, March 6, 2012.

3 Common Errors When Using Numbers

3 Common Errors When Using Numbers 3 Common Errors When Using Numbers 3 Common Errors When Using Numbers By Mark Nichol References to numbers, spelled out or in numeral form, often include erroneous use of hyphens or dashes, as shown in the following examples. Errors are explained and corrected in the discussion and revision that follows each sentence. 1. The US men’s basketball team won seven Olympic gold medals between 1936–68. A dash (not a hyphen) that connects two numbers to represent a range functions as a replacement for from and to, so do not include from before a number range separated by a dash. Between, likewise, should not be paired with a number range, but in this case, retain the word, pairing it with and in place of the dash: â€Å"The US men’s basketball team won seven Olympic gold medals between 1936 and 1968.† (â€Å"The US men’s basketball team won seven Olympic gold medals 1936–68† is not syntactically valid.) 2. Fourteen and fifteen-year-old kids are easily impressionable. When two hyphenated phrasal adjectives are identical except for the first term, the rest of the first phrasal adjective after that term can be elided, with the implication that the balance of the second phrasal adjective serves both of the initial words. However, to signal this sharing, retain the hyphen after the first element: â€Å"Fourteen- and fifteen-year-old kids are easily impressionable.† (Otherwise, the implication is that fourteen kids are easily impressionable, and so are fifteen-year-old kids.) 3. The rockslide occurred when a massive slab measuring fifty-by-eighty-by-fifteen feet broke off from a sheer cliff and went flying down the mountain. When a phrase consisting of two or more numbers separated by by describes the surface area or volume of an object, omit hyphens unless the entire phrase modifies a noun: â€Å"The rockslide occurred when a massive slab measuring fifty by eighty by fifteen feet broke off from a sheer cliff and went flying down the mountain.† (Compare â€Å"The fifty-by-eighty-by-fifteen-foot slab broke off from a sheer cliff and went flying down the mountain.†) The same rule applies when numerals represent the numbers. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to AvoidDriver License vs. Driver’s LicenseWhat Is a Doctor?

Case Briefing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Case Briefing - Essay Example Under the law, Congress delegates to the Comptroller General of the United States the power to restrict federal budget spending by making across-the-board cuts to it and upon the recommendation of the Directors of OMB and CBO whenever the maximum allowable deficit amounts are exceeded. The Comptroller General then presents this to the President who is required to release a â€Å"sequestration order† effecting the Comptroller’s reductions unless Congress enacts a law mandating a specific budget cut thus obviating the President’s â€Å"sequestration order†. Moreover, Congress is given the power to terminate the Comptroller General through a joint resolution for reasons of inefficiency, malfeasance or neglect of duty. The other method of removing the Comptroller is through impeachment. (2) Congressman Synar and 11 others immediately filed a declaratory relief complaint before the District Court which held that the delegation of power to the Comptroller Genera l violated the constitutionally imposed doctrine of separation of powers. III. THE LAW: The relevant law under scrutiny in this case is the Doctrine of Separation of Powers as entrenched in the US Constitution under Article I (legislative powers in a Congress), Article II (executive power in a President) and Article III (judicial power in one Supreme Court and in other inferior courts). IV. ISSUES: (1). Whether or not the assignment by Congress to the Comptroller General of the United

TO WHAT EXTENT HAS TESCO DELIVERED IN ITS CORPORATE SOCIAL Essay

TO WHAT EXTENT HAS TESCO DELIVERED IN ITS CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILTY FOCUSING ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION - Essay Example The government of developed economies like United Kingdom is working on produces legislations and different policies to safeguard the nature and environment from harmful practices of the different industries. To this end, the paper divulges to research the significance of protecting the natural environment in the light of Tesco’s corporate social responsibility dimension. 2.1 Background into CSR The social responsibility of a corporate firm is increasingly being tied up with factors to safeguard the natural environment. In this regard, Hay, Stavins, & Vietor (2005) observe that the corporate norms of responsibility towards the society must be extended to encompass the natural environment. However, several debates take place for some experts do not feel the importance to extend the social responsibility concept of business to embrace environmental factors. Hay, Stavins, & Vietor (2005) state that the natural environment must be incorporated as another stakeholder for the busine ss like suppliers and government. The responsibility of the business in protecting the natural environment of the geographic region has a strong ethical standing. Business firms are expected to